Pancreatic cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the tissues of the pancreas, an organ located behind the lower part of the stomach. The pancreas has two main functions: producing enzymes that aid digestion and hormones like insulin that help manage blood sugar. Pancreatic cancer is often called a "silent killer" because it is typically diagnosed at an advanced stage.
The most common type of pancreatic cancer is pancreatic adenocarcinoma, which starts in the cells that line the ducts of the pancreas. Other, less common types include neuroendocrine tumors, which arise from hormone-producing cells.
While the exact cause of pancreatic cancer is not known, several risk factors have been identified, including smoking, chronic pancreatitis, diabetes, obesity, and a family history of pancreatic or other cancers. Age, typically over 60, is also a significant risk factor.
Pancreatic cancer symptoms often do not appear until the disease is advanced. When symptoms do occur, they may include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), unexplained weight loss, abdominal or back pain, loss of appetite, and new-onset diabetes. Because these symptoms are common to many other conditions, they can lead to delayed diagnosis.
Diagnosis usually involves a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI, and endoscopic ultrasound, as well as blood tests and sometimes a biopsy. Tumour markers like CA 19-9 may be elevated in pancreatic cancer, but they are not specific enough for early diagnosis.
Treatment options depend on the stage and location of the cancer, as well as the patient’s overall health. They may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these. The Whipple procedure, a complex surgery to remove part of the pancreas, is often performed if the tumour is localized and operable. For advanced stages, treatment focuses on managing symptoms and improving quality of life.
Pancreatic cancer has one of the lowest survival rates among cancers, largely because it is often diagnosed at a late stage. The five-year survival rate is around 10%, but this can vary depending on the stage at diagnosis and the effectiveness of treatment. Early detection is crucial for improving outcomes, though it remains challenging due to the often silent nature of the disease.
While there is no sure way to prevent pancreatic cancer, reducing risk factors can help. This includes avoiding smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, managing diabetes, and eating a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables. Regular medical check-ups are also important, especially for those with a family history of the disease.